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<body lang="EN-US" link="blue" vlink="purple" style="tab-interval:.5in">
<div class="Section1">
<h1><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">Dynamic Expressions
and Queries in LINQ<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal">Database applications frequently rely on “Dynamic
SQL”—queries that are constructed at run-time through program logic. The LINQ
infrastructure supports similar capabilities through dynamic construction of
expression trees using the classes in the <span class="SpellE"><span class="CodeFragment">System.Linq.Expressions</span></span> namespace. Expression
trees are an appropriate abstraction for a variety of scenarios, but for others
a string-based representation may be more convenient. The <a href="file:///D:/Projects/GitRepos/System.Linq.Dynamic/Dynamic%20Expressions.html#_Dynamic_Expression_API">Dynamic Expression API</a> extends the core
LINQ API with that capability. The API is located in the <span class="SpellE">Dynamic.cs</span>
source file and provides</p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent:-.25in"><span style="font-family:
Symbol">·</span><span style="font-size:7.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">
</span><span class="GramE">Dynamic</span> parsing of strings to produce
expression trees (the <a href="file:///D:/Projects/GitRepos/System.Linq.Dynamic/Dynamic%20Expressions.html#_The_ParseLambda_Methods"><span class="SpellE">ParseLambda</span></a>
and <a href="file:///D:/Projects/GitRepos/System.Linq.Dynamic/Dynamic%20Expressions.html#_The_Parse_Method">Parse</a> methods),</p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent:-.25in"><span style="font-family:
Symbol">·</span><span style="font-size:7.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">
</span>Dynamic creation of “Data Classes” (the <a href="file:///D:/Projects/GitRepos/System.Linq.Dynamic/Dynamic%20Expressions.html#_Dynamic_Class_Creation"><span class="SpellE">CreateClass</span></a> methods),
and</p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent:-.25in"><span style="font-family:
Symbol">·</span><span style="font-size:7.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">
</span><span class="GramE">Dynamic</span> string-based querying through LINQ
providers (the <a href="file:///D:/Projects/GitRepos/System.Linq.Dynamic/Dynamic%20Expressions.html#_IQueryable_Extension_Methods">IQueryable extension
methods</a>).</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Dynamic Expression API relies on a simple <a href="file:///D:/Projects/GitRepos/System.Linq.Dynamic/Dynamic%20Expressions.html#_Expression_Language">expression language</a> for formulating
expressions and queries in strings.</p>
<h1><a name="_Dynamic_Expression_API"></a><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">Dynamic Expression API<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a name="_The_ParseLambda_Methods"></a>The Dynamic
Expression API is brought into scope by using (importing) the <span class="SpellE"><span class="CodeFragment">System.Linq.Dynamic</span></span>
namespace. Below is an example of applying the Dynamic Expression API to a LINQ
to SQL data source.</p>
<p class="Code"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span style="color:blue">var</span></span></span>
query =<br>
<span class="SpellE">db.Customers</span>.<br>
<span class="GramE">Where(</span><span style="color:#A31515">"City
= @0 and <span class="SpellE">Orders.Count</span> >= @1"</span>, <span style="color:#A31515">"London"</span>, 10).<br>
<span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">OrderBy</span></span><span class="GramE">(</span><span style="color:#A31515">"<span class="SpellE">CompanyName</span>"</span>).<br>
<span class="GramE">Select(</span><span style="color:#A31515">"new(<span class="SpellE">CompanyName</span> as Name, Phone)"</span>);</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Note that expressions in the query are strings that could
have been dynamically constructed at run-time.</p>
<h2><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">The <span class="SpellE">ParseLambda</span> Methods<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal">The <span class="SpellE"><span class="CodeFragment">System.Linq.Dynamic.DynamicExpression</span></span>
class defines the following overloaded <span class="SpellE"><span class="CodeFragment">ParseLambda</span></span> methods for dynamically parsing
and creating lambda expressions.</p>
<p class="Code"><a name="ParseLambda1"></a><span class="GramE"><span style="color:blue">public</span></span> <span style="color:blue">static</span> <span class="SpellE"><span style="color:#2B91AF">LambdaExpression</span></span> <span class="SpellE">ParseLambda</span>(<br>
<span class="SpellE"><span style="color:#2B91AF">ParameterExpression</span></span>[]
parameters, <span style="color:#2B91AF">Type</span> <span class="SpellE">resultType</span>,<br>
<span style="color:blue">string</span> expression, <span class="SpellE"><span style="color:blue">params</span></span> <span style="color:blue">object</span>[] values);</p>
<p class="Code"><a name="ParseLambda2"></a><span class="GramE"><span style="color:blue">public</span></span> <span style="color:blue">static</span> <span class="SpellE"><span style="color:#2B91AF">LambdaExpression</span></span> <span class="SpellE">ParseLambda</span>(<br>
<span style="color:#2B91AF">Type</span> <span class="SpellE">argumentType</span>,
<span style="color:#2B91AF">Type</span> <span class="SpellE">resultType</span>,<br>
<span style="color:blue">string</span> expression, <span class="SpellE"><span style="color:blue">params</span></span> <span style="color:blue">object</span>[] values);</p>
<p class="Code"><a name="ParseLambda3"></a><span class="GramE"><span style="color:blue">public</span></span> <span style="color:blue">static</span> <span style="color:#2B91AF">Expression</span><<span class="SpellE"><span style="color:#2B91AF">Func</span></span><<span class="SpellE">TArgument</span>,
<span class="SpellE">TResult</span>>><br>
<span class="SpellE">ParseLambda</span><<span class="SpellE">TArgument</span>,
<span class="SpellE">TResult</span>>(<br>
<span style="color:blue">string</span>
expression, <span class="SpellE"><span style="color:blue">params</span></span> <span style="color:blue">object</span>[] values);</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The <a href="file:///D:/Projects/GitRepos/System.Linq.Dynamic/Dynamic%20Expressions.html#ParseLambda1">first</a> <span class="SpellE"><span class="CodeFragment">ParseLambda</span></span> overload parses a lambda
expression with the given <span class="CodeFragment">parameters</span> and <span class="CodeFragment">expression</span> body and returns an <span class="CodeFragment">Expression<<span class="SpellE">Func</span><…>></span>
instance representing the result. If the <span class="SpellE"><span class="CodeFragment">resultType</span></span> parameter is non-null it specifies
the required result type for the expression. The <span class="CodeFragment">values</span>
parameter supplies zero or more <a href="file:///D:/Projects/GitRepos/System.Linq.Dynamic/Dynamic%20Expressions.html#_Substitution_Values">substitution
values</a> that may be referenced in the expression.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a name="LambdaExample1"></a>The example</p>
<p class="Code"><span class="SpellE"><span style="color:#2B91AF">ParameterExpression</span></span>
x = <span class="SpellE"><span style="color:#2B91AF">Expression</span>.Parameter</span>(<span class="SpellE"><span style="color:blue">typeof</span></span>(<span class="SpellE"><span style="color:blue">int</span></span>), <span style="color:#A31515">"x"</span>);<br>
<span class="SpellE"><span style="color:#2B91AF">ParameterExpression</span></span>
y = <span class="SpellE"><span style="color:#2B91AF">Expression</span>.Parameter</span>(<span class="SpellE"><span style="color:blue">typeof</span></span>(<span class="SpellE"><span style="color:blue">int</span></span>), <span style="color:#A31515">"y"</span>);<br>
<span class="SpellE"><span style="color:#2B91AF">LambdaExpression</span></span> e
= <span class="SpellE"><span style="color:#2B91AF">DynamicExpression</span>.ParseLambda</span>(<br>
<span style="color:blue">new</span> <span class="SpellE"><span style="color:#2B91AF">ParameterExpression</span></span>[] { x, y }, <span style="color:blue">null</span>, <span style="color:#A31515">"(x + y) *
2"</span>);</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE">creates</span> and assigns an <span class="CodeFragment">Expression<<span class="SpellE">Func</span><<span class="SpellE">int</span>, <span class="SpellE">int</span>, <span class="SpellE">int</span>>></span>
instance to <span class="CodeFragment">e</span> representing the expression <span class="CodeFragment">(x</span> <span class="CodeFragment">+</span> <span class="CodeFragment">y)</span> <span class="CodeFragment">*</span> <span class="CodeFragment">2</span>. If a required result type is specified, as in</p>
<p class="Code"><span class="SpellE"><span style="color:#2B91AF">LambdaExpression</span></span>
e = <span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span style="color:#2B91AF">DynamicExpression</span>.ParseLambda</span></span><span class="GramE">(</span><br>
<span style="color:blue">new</span> <span class="SpellE"><span style="color:#2B91AF">ParameterExpression</span></span>[] { x, y }, <span class="SpellE"><span style="color:blue">typeof</span></span>(<span style="color:blue">double</span>), <span style="color:#A31515">"(x + y) *
2"</span>);</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE">the</span> parsing operation will include
an <a href="file:///D:/Projects/GitRepos/System.Linq.Dynamic/Dynamic%20Expressions.html#_Conversions">implicit conversion</a> to the given result type, in
this case yielding an <span class="CodeFragment">Expression<<span class="SpellE">Func</span><<span class="SpellE">int</span>, <span class="SpellE">int</span>,
double>></span> instance.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The <a href="file:///D:/Projects/GitRepos/System.Linq.Dynamic/Dynamic%20Expressions.html#ParseLambda2">second</a> <span class="SpellE"><span class="CodeFragment">ParseLambda</span></span> overload parses a lambda
expression with a single unnamed parameter of a specified <span class="SpellE"><span class="CodeFragment">argumentType</span></span>. This method corresponds to
calling the first <span class="SpellE">ParseLambda</span> overload with a <span class="CodeFragment">parameters</span> argument containing a single <span class="SpellE"><span class="CodeFragment">ParameterExpression</span></span> with an
empty or null <span class="CodeFragment">Name</span> property.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">When parsing a lambda expression with a single unnamed
parameter, the members of the unnamed parameter are automatically in scope in
the expression string, and the <a href="file:///D:/Projects/GitRepos/System.Linq.Dynamic/Dynamic%20Expressions.html#_Current_Instance">current instance</a>
given by the unnamed parameter can be referenced in whole using the keyword <span class="CodeFragment">it</span>. The example</p>
<p class="Code"><span class="SpellE"><span style="color:#2B91AF">LambdaExpression</span></span>
e = <span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span style="color:#2B91AF">DynamicExpression</span>.ParseLambda</span></span><span class="GramE">(</span><br>
<span class="SpellE"><span style="color:blue">typeof</span></span>(<span style="color:#2B91AF">Customer</span>), <span class="SpellE"><span style="color:blue">typeof</span></span>(<span class="SpellE"><span style="color:blue">bool</span></span>),<br>
<span style="color:#A31515">"City = @0 and <span class="SpellE">Orders.Count</span> >= @1"</span>,<br>
<span style="color:#A31515">"London"</span>, 10);</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE">creates</span> and assigns an <span class="CodeFragment">Expression<<span class="SpellE">Func</span><Customer, <span class="SpellE">bool</span>>></span> instance to <span class="CodeFragment">e</span>.
Note that <span class="CodeFragment">City</span> and <span class="CodeFragment">Orders</span>
are members of <span class="CodeFragment">Customer</span> that are automatically
in scope. Also note the use of <a href="file:///D:/Projects/GitRepos/System.Linq.Dynamic/Dynamic%20Expressions.html#_Substitution_Values">substitution
values</a> to supply the constant values <span class="CodeFragment">"London"</span>
and <span class="CodeFragment">10</span>.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The <a href="file:///D:/Projects/GitRepos/System.Linq.Dynamic/Dynamic%20Expressions.html#ParseLambda3">third</a> <span class="SpellE"><span class="CodeFragment">ParseLambda</span></span> overload is a <span class="SpellE">genericly</span>
typed version of the second overload. The example below produces the same <span class="CodeFragment">Expression<<span class="SpellE">Func</span><Customer, <span class="SpellE">bool</span>>></span> instance as the example above, but is
statically typed to that exact type.</p>
<p class="Code"><span style="color:#2B91AF">Expression</span><<span class="SpellE"><span style="color:#2B91AF">Func</span></span><<span style="color:#2B91AF">Customer</span>, <span class="SpellE"><span style="color:blue">bool</span></span>>> e =<br>
<span class="SpellE"><span style="color:#2B91AF">DynamicExpression</span>.ParseLambda</span><<span style="color:#2B91AF">Customer</span>, <span class="SpellE"><span style="color:blue">bool</span></span><span class="GramE">>(</span><br>
<span style="color:#A31515">"City
= @0 and <span class="SpellE">Orders.Count</span> >= @1"</span>,<br>
<span style="color:#A31515">"London"</span>,
10);</p>
<h2><a name="_The_Parse_Method"></a><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">The
Parse Method<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal">The <span class="SpellE"><span class="CodeFragment">System.Linq.Dynamic.DynamicExpression</span></span>
class defines the following method for parsing and creating expression tree
fragments.</p>
<p class="Code"><span class="GramE"><span style="color:blue">public</span></span> <span style="color:blue">static</span> <span style="color:#2B91AF">Expression</span>
Parse(<span style="color:#2B91AF">Type</span> <span class="SpellE">resultType</span>,
<span style="color:blue">string</span> expression,<br>
<span class="SpellE"><span style="color:blue">params</span></span>
<span style="color:blue">object</span>[] values);</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Parse method parses the given <span class="CodeFragment">expression</span>
and returns an expression tree. If the <span class="SpellE"><span class="CodeFragment">resultType</span></span> parameter is non-null it specifies
the required result type of the expression. The <span class="CodeFragment">values</span>
parameter supplies zero or more <a href="file:///D:/Projects/GitRepos/System.Linq.Dynamic/Dynamic%20Expressions.html#_Substitution_Values">substitution
values</a> that may be referenced in the expression.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Unlike the <span class="SpellE"><span class="CodeFragment">ParseLambda</span></span>
methods, the <span class="CodeFragment">Parse</span> method returns an “unbound”
expression tree fragment. The following example uses <span class="GramE"><span class="CodeFragment">Parse</span></span> to produce the same result as a <a href="file:///D:/Projects/GitRepos/System.Linq.Dynamic/Dynamic%20Expressions.html#LambdaExample1">previous example</a>:</p>
<p class="Code"><span class="SpellE"><span style="color:#2B91AF">ParameterExpression</span></span>
x = <span class="SpellE"><span style="color:#2B91AF">Expression</span>.Parameter</span>(<span class="SpellE"><span style="color:blue">typeof</span></span>(<span class="SpellE"><span style="color:blue">int</span></span>), <span style="color:#A31515">"x"</span>);<br>
<span class="SpellE"><span style="color:#2B91AF">ParameterExpression</span></span>
y = <span class="SpellE"><span style="color:#2B91AF">Expression</span>.Parameter</span>(<span class="SpellE"><span style="color:blue">typeof</span></span>(<span class="SpellE"><span style="color:blue">int</span></span>), <span style="color:#A31515">"y"</span>);<br>
<span style="color:#2B91AF">Dictionary</span><<span style="color:blue">string</span>,
<span style="color:blue">object</span>> symbols = <span style="color:blue">new</span>
<span style="color:#2B91AF">Dictionary</span><<span style="color:blue">string</span>,
<span style="color:blue">object</span>>();<br>
<span class="SpellE">symbols.Add</span>(<span style="color:#A31515">"x"</span>,
x);<br>
<span class="SpellE">symbols.Add</span>(<span style="color:#A31515">"y"</span>,
y);<br>
<span style="color:#2B91AF">Expression</span> body = <span class="SpellE"><span style="color:#2B91AF">DynamicExpression</span>.Parse</span>(<span style="color:blue">null</span>, <span style="color:#A31515">"(x + y) *
2"</span>, symbols);<br>
<span class="SpellE"><span style="color:#2B91AF">LambdaExpression</span></span> e
= <span class="SpellE"><span style="color:#2B91AF">Expression</span>.Lambda</span>(<br>
body, <span style="color:blue">new</span> <span class="SpellE"><span style="color:#2B91AF">ParameterExpression</span></span>[] {
x, y });</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Note the use of a <span class="CodeFragment">Dictionary<string,
object></span> to provide a dictionary of named <a href="file:///D:/Projects/GitRepos/System.Linq.Dynamic/Dynamic%20Expressions.html#_Substitution_Values">substitution values</a> that can be referenced in
the expression.</p>
<h2><a name="_Substitution_Values"></a><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman"">Substitution Values<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal">Several methods in the Dynamic Expression API permit <em><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">substitution values</span></em> to
be specified through a parameter array. Substitution values are referenced in
an expression using <a href="file:///D:/Projects/GitRepos/System.Linq.Dynamic/Dynamic%20Expressions.html#_Identifiers">identifiers</a> of the form <span class="CodeFragment">@x</span>, where <span class="CodeFragment">x</span> is an
index into the parameter array. The last element of the parameter array may be
an object that implements <span class="SpellE"><span class="CodeFragment">IDictionary</span></span><span class="CodeFragment"><string, object></span>. If so, this dictionary is
used to map identifiers to substitution values during parsing.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">An identifier that references a substitution value is
processed as follows:</p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent:-.25in"><span style="font-family:
Symbol">·</span><span style="font-size:7.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">
</span><span class="GramE">If</span> the value is of type <span class="SpellE"><span class="CodeFragment">System.Linq.Expressions.LambdaExpression</span></span>, the
identifier must occur as part of a <a href="file:///D:/Projects/GitRepos/System.Linq.Dynamic/Dynamic%20Expressions.html#_Dynamic_Expression_Invocation">dynamic
lambda invocation</a>. This allows composition of dynamic lambda expressions.</p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent:-.25in"><span style="font-family:
Symbol">·</span><span style="font-size:7.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">
</span>Otherwise, if the value is of type <span class="SpellE"><span class="CodeFragment">System.Linq.Expressions.Expression</span></span>, the given
expression is substituted for the identifier.</p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent:-.25in"><span style="font-family:
Symbol">·</span><span style="font-size:7.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">
</span>Otherwise, the <span class="SpellE"><span class="CodeFragment">Expression.Constant</span></span><span class="CodeFragment"> </span>method is used to create a constant expression from
the value which is then substituted for the identifier.</p>
<h2><a name="_Dynamic_Class_Creation"></a><a name="_Dynamic_Data_Classes"></a><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">Dynamic Data Classes<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal">A data class is a class that contains only data members. The
<span class="SpellE"><span class="CodeFragment">System.Linq.Dynamic.DynamicExpression</span></span>
class defines the following methods for dynamically creating data classes.</p>
<p class="Code"><span class="GramE"><span style="color:blue">public</span></span> <span style="color:blue">static</span> <span style="color:#2B91AF">Type</span> <span class="SpellE">CreateClass</span>(<span class="SpellE"><span style="color:blue">params</span></span>
<span class="SpellE"><span style="color:#2B91AF">DynamicProperty</span></span>[]
properties);</p>
<p class="Code"><span class="GramE"><span style="color:blue">public</span></span> <span style="color:blue">static</span> <span style="color:#2B91AF">Type</span> <span class="SpellE">CreateClass</span>(<span class="SpellE"><span style="color:#2B91AF">IEnumerable</span></span><<span class="SpellE"><span style="color:#2B91AF">DynamicProperty</span></span>>
properties);</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The <span class="SpellE"><span class="CodeFragment">CreateClass</span></span>
method creates a new data class with a given set of public properties and
returns the <span class="SpellE"><span class="CodeFragment">System.Type</span></span>
object for the newly created class. If a data class with an identical sequence
of properties has already been created, the <span class="SpellE"><span class="CodeFragment">System.Type</span></span> object for this class is returned.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Data classes implement private instance variables and
read/write property <span class="SpellE">accessors</span> for the specified
properties. Data classes also override the <span class="CodeFragment">Equals</span>
and <span class="SpellE"><span class="CodeFragment">GetHashCode</span></span>
members to implement by-value equality.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Data classes are created in an in-memory assembly in the
current application domain. All data classes inherit from <span class="SpellE"><span class="CodeFragment">System.Linq.Dynamic.DynamicClass</span></span> and are given
automatically generated names that should be considered private (the names will
be unique within the application domain but not across multiple invocations of
the application). Note that once created, a data class stays in memory for the
lifetime of the current application domain. There is currently no way to unload
a dynamically created data class.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The dynamic expression parser uses the <span class="SpellE"><span class="CodeFragment">CreateClass</span></span> methods to generate classes from <a href="file:///D:/Projects/GitRepos/System.Linq.Dynamic/Dynamic%20Expressions.html#_Anonymous_Object_Initializer">data object initializers</a>. This
feature in turn is often used with the dynamic <span class="CodeFragment">Select</span>
method to create projections.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The example below uses <span class="SpellE"><span class="CodeFragment">CreateClass</span></span> to create a data class with two
properties, <span class="CodeFragment">Name</span> and <span class="CodeFragment">Birthday</span>,
and then uses .NET reflection to create an instance of the class and assign
values to the properties.</p>
<p class="Code"><span class="SpellE"><span style="color:#2B91AF">DynamicProperty</span></span>[]
props = <span style="color:blue">new</span> <span class="SpellE"><span style="color:#2B91AF">DynamicProperty</span></span>[] {<br>
<span style="color:blue">new</span> <span class="SpellE"><span style="color:#2B91AF">DynamicProperty</span></span>(<span style="color:#A31515">"Name"</span>,
<span class="SpellE"><span style="color:blue">typeof</span></span>(<span style="color:blue">string</span>)),<br>
<span style="color:blue">new</span> <span class="SpellE"><span style="color:#2B91AF">DynamicProperty</span></span>(<span style="color:#A31515">"Birthday"</span>,
<span class="SpellE"><span style="color:blue">typeof</span></span>(<span class="SpellE"><span style="color:#2B91AF">DateTime</span></span>)) };<br>
<span style="color:#2B91AF">Type</span> <span class="SpellE">type</span> = <span class="SpellE"><span style="color:#2B91AF">DynamicExpression</span>.CreateClass</span>(props);<br>
<span style="color:blue">object</span> <span class="SpellE">obj</span> = <span class="SpellE"><span style="color:#2B91AF">Activator</span>.CreateInstance</span>(type);<br>
<span class="SpellE">t.GetProperty</span>(<span style="color:#A31515">"Name"</span>).<span class="SpellE">SetValue</span>(<span class="SpellE">obj</span>, <span style="color:#A31515">"Albert"</span>, <span style="color:blue">null</span>);<br>
<span class="SpellE">t.GetProperty</span>(<span style="color:#A31515">"Birthday"</span>).<span class="SpellE">SetValue</span>(<span class="SpellE">obj</span>, <span style="color:blue">new</span> <span class="SpellE"><span style="color:#2B91AF">DateTime</span></span>(1879,
3, 14), <span style="color:blue">null</span>);<br>