diff --git a/class-two-factor-core.php b/class-two-factor-core.php
index 1f039866..bc6fa310 100644
--- a/class-two-factor-core.php
+++ b/class-two-factor-core.php
@@ -1859,8 +1859,8 @@ public static function process_provider( $provider, $user, $is_post_request ) {
 			return new WP_Error(
 				'two_factor_too_fast',
 				sprintf(
-					/* translators: %s: human-readable time delay until another attempt can be made. */
-					__( 'ERROR: Too many invalid verification codes, you can try again in %s. This limit protects your account against automated attacks.', 'two-factor' ),
+					/* translators: %s: human-readable time until another attempt is allowed, e.g. "2 minutes". */
+					__( 'Too many incorrect verification codes. Please wait %s and reload this page to try again.', 'two-factor' ),
 					human_time_diff( $last_login + $time_delay )
 				)
 			);
diff --git a/package-lock.json b/package-lock.json
index 5a7b2a11..1fbfd1f9 100644
--- a/package-lock.json
+++ b/package-lock.json
@@ -8351,9 +8351,9 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/basic-ftp": {
-      "version": "5.2.2",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/basic-ftp/-/basic-ftp-5.2.2.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-1tDrzKsdCg70WGvbFss/ulVAxupNauGnOlgpyjKzeQxzyllBLS0CGLV7tjIXTK3ZQA9/FBEm9qyFFN1bciA6pw==",
+      "version": "5.3.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/basic-ftp/-/basic-ftp-5.3.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-5K9eNNn7ywHPsYnFwjKgYH8Hf8B5emh7JKcPaVjjrMJFQQwGpwowEnZNEtHs7DfR7hCZsmaK3VA4HUK0YarT+w==",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
       "engines": {
diff --git a/playground/blueprint.json b/playground/blueprint.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..92741026
--- /dev/null
+++ b/playground/blueprint.json
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+{
+  "$schema": "https://playground.wordpress.net/blueprint-schema.json",
+  "preferredVersions": { "php": "8.2", "wp": "latest" },
+  "landingPage": "/wp-login.php?action=two_factor_demo",
+  "steps": [
+    {
+      "step": "installPlugin",
+      "pluginData": {
+        "resource": "url",
+        "url": "https://wordpress-playground-cors-proxy.net/?https://github.com/dknauss/two-factor/archive/refs/heads/ux/rate-limit-messaging.zip"
+      },
+      "options": { "activate": true, "targetFolderName": "two-factor" }
+    },
+    {
+      "step": "writeFile",
+      "path": "/wordpress/wp-content/mu-plugins/two-factor-demo.php",
+      "data": "<?php\nadd_action( 'login_form_two_factor_demo', function () {\n\tif ( ! class_exists( 'Two_Factor_Core' ) || ! class_exists( 'Two_Factor_Email' ) ) {\n\t\twp_die( 'Two-Factor plugin not active.' );\n\t}\n\t$user = get_user_by( 'login', 'tf-demo' );\n\tif ( ! $user ) {\n\t\t$user_id = wp_create_user( 'tf-demo', wp_generate_password(), 'tf-demo@example.com' );\n\t\t$user    = get_user_by( 'id', $user_id );\n\t}\n\tupdate_user_meta( $user->ID, '_two_factor_provider', 'Two_Factor_Email' );\n\tupdate_user_meta( $user->ID, '_two_factor_enabled_providers', array( 'Two_Factor_Email' ) );\n\tupdate_user_meta( $user->ID, Two_Factor_Core::USER_FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS_KEY, 4 );\n\tupdate_user_meta( $user->ID, Two_Factor_Core::USER_RATE_LIMIT_KEY, time() - 1 );\n\t$login_nonce = Two_Factor_Core::create_login_nonce( $user->ID );\n\tif ( ! $login_nonce ) { wp_die( 'Could not create login nonce.' ); }\n\t$time_delay = Two_Factor_Core::get_user_time_delay( $user );\n\t$last_login = get_user_meta( $user->ID, Two_Factor_Core::USER_RATE_LIMIT_KEY, true );\n\t$error_msg  = sprintf(\n\t\t__( 'Too many incorrect verification codes. Please wait %s and reload this page to try again.', 'two-factor' ),\n\t\thuman_time_diff( $last_login + $time_delay )\n\t);\n\tTwo_Factor_Core::login_html( $user, $login_nonce['key'], admin_url(), $error_msg );\n\texit;\n} );"
+    }
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/providers/class-two-factor-email.php b/providers/class-two-factor-email.php
index e6ca9bf7..d57b865f 100644
--- a/providers/class-two-factor-email.php
+++ b/providers/class-two-factor-email.php
@@ -344,8 +344,12 @@ public function authentication_page( $user ) {
 			return;
 		}
 
-		if ( ! $this->user_has_token( $user->ID ) || $this->user_token_has_expired( $user->ID ) ) {
-			$this->generate_and_email_token( $user );
+		$is_rate_limited = Two_Factor_Core::is_user_rate_limited( $user );
+
+		if ( ! $is_rate_limited ) {
+			if ( ! $this->user_has_token( $user->ID ) || $this->user_token_has_expired( $user->ID ) ) {
+				$this->generate_and_email_token( $user );
+			}
 		}
 
 		$token_length      = $this->get_token_length();
@@ -357,7 +361,9 @@ public function authentication_page( $user ) {
 		/** This action is documented in providers/class-two-factor-backup-codes.php */
 		do_action( 'two_factor_before_authentication_prompt', $this );
 		?>
+		<?php if ( ! $is_rate_limited ) : ?>
 		<p class="two-factor-prompt"><?php esc_html_e( 'A verification code has been sent to the email address associated with your account.', 'two-factor' ); ?></p>
+		<?php endif; ?>
 		<?php
 		/** This action is documented in providers/class-two-factor-backup-codes.php */
 		do_action( 'two_factor_after_authentication_prompt', $this );
@@ -371,9 +377,11 @@ public function authentication_page( $user ) {
 		do_action( 'two_factor_after_authentication_input', $this );
 		?>
 		<?php submit_button( __( 'Verify', 'two-factor' ) ); ?>
+		<?php if ( ! $is_rate_limited ) : ?>
 		<p class="two-factor-email-resend">
 			<input type="submit" class="button" name="<?php echo esc_attr( self::INPUT_NAME_RESEND_CODE ); ?>" value="<?php esc_attr_e( 'Resend Code', 'two-factor' ); ?>" />
 		</p>
+		<?php endif; ?>
 		<?php wp_enqueue_script( 'two-factor-login' ); ?>
 		<?php
 	}
diff --git a/tests/class-two-factor-core.php b/tests/class-two-factor-core.php
index 38052106..e93f075d 100644
--- a/tests/class-two-factor-core.php
+++ b/tests/class-two-factor-core.php
@@ -2476,6 +2476,28 @@ public function test_process_provider_rate_limited() {
 		$this->assertSame( 'two_factor_too_fast', $result->get_error_code() );
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Verify the rate-limit error message does not use alarming language.
+	 *
+	 * "ERROR:" and "automated attacks" are alarming to a legitimate user who
+	 * simply mistyped their code. The message should be calm and actionable.
+	 *
+	 * @covers Two_Factor_Core::process_provider
+	 */
+	public function test_rate_limit_error_message_is_calm_and_actionable() {
+		$user     = self::factory()->user->create_and_get();
+		$provider = Two_Factor_Dummy::get_instance();
+
+		update_user_meta( $user->ID, Two_Factor_Core::USER_FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS_KEY, 1 );
+		update_user_meta( $user->ID, Two_Factor_Core::USER_RATE_LIMIT_KEY, time() );
+
+		$result  = Two_Factor_Core::process_provider( $provider, $user, true );
+		$message = $result->get_error_message();
+
+		$this->assertStringNotContainsString( 'ERROR:', $message, 'Rate-limit message must not use the ERROR: prefix' );
+		$this->assertStringNotContainsString( 'automated attacks', $message, 'Rate-limit message must not mention automated attacks' );
+	}
+
 	/**
 	 * Verify process_provider() returns WP_Error and increments the failed-attempts
 	 * counter when authentication fails.
diff --git a/tests/providers/class-two-factor-email.php b/tests/providers/class-two-factor-email.php
index 8b37a983..3a8c56e5 100644
--- a/tests/providers/class-two-factor-email.php
+++ b/tests/providers/class-two-factor-email.php
@@ -495,6 +495,56 @@ public function test_authentication_page_with_existing_token() {
 		$this->assertStringContainsString( 'two-factor-email-code', $output );
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Verify the Resend Code button is hidden when the user is rate-limited.
+	 *
+	 * Showing an interactive resend button during a lockout misleads the user
+	 * into thinking it will work.
+	 *
+	 * @covers Two_Factor_Email::authentication_page
+	 */
+	public function test_authentication_page_hides_resend_button_when_rate_limited() {
+		$user = self::factory()->user->create_and_get();
+		$this->provider->generate_token( $user->ID );
+
+		update_user_meta( $user->ID, Two_Factor_Core::USER_FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS_KEY, 3 );
+		update_user_meta( $user->ID, Two_Factor_Core::USER_RATE_LIMIT_KEY, time() );
+
+		ob_start();
+		$this->provider->authentication_page( $user );
+		$output = ob_get_clean();
+
+		$this->assertStringNotContainsString(
+			Two_Factor_Email::INPUT_NAME_RESEND_CODE,
+			$output,
+			'Resend Code button must not be rendered while the user is rate-limited'
+		);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Verify no email is sent when authentication_page() is called while rate-limited and no token exists.
+	 *
+	 * @covers Two_Factor_Email::authentication_page
+	 */
+	public function test_authentication_page_does_not_send_email_when_rate_limited_and_no_token() {
+		$user = self::factory()->user->create_and_get();
+
+		update_user_meta( $user->ID, Two_Factor_Core::USER_FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS_KEY, 3 );
+		update_user_meta( $user->ID, Two_Factor_Core::USER_RATE_LIMIT_KEY, time() );
+		$this->assertFalse( $this->provider->user_has_token( $user->ID ) );
+
+		$emails_before = count( self::$mockmailer->mock_sent );
+		ob_start();
+		$this->provider->authentication_page( $user );
+		ob_get_clean();
+
+		$this->assertCount(
+			$emails_before,
+			self::$mockmailer->mock_sent,
+			'No email must be sent when authentication_page() is called while rate-limited'
+		);
+	}
+
 	/**
 	 * Verify user_options outputs the user's email address.
 	 *