After pasting my phpinfo(), I was prompted to add zend_extension = ext\php_xdebug-2.9.6-7.4-vc15-x86_64.dll to my php.ini.
This doesn't work; the correct line to use was zend_extension = php_xdebug-2.9.6-7.4-vc15-x86_64.dll.
My stock php.ini file appears to have extension_dir set to ext:
; Directory in which the loadable extensions (modules) reside.
; http://php.net/extension-dir
;extension_dir = "./"
; On windows:
extension_dir = "ext"